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Anaximander: And the Birth of Science

Anaximander: And the Birth of Science

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  • Create Date：2023-02-27 03:19:38
  • Update Date：2025-09-06
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  • Author：Carlo Rovelli
  • ISBN：0593542363
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Summary

The bestselling author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics illuminates the nature of science through the revolutionary ideas of the Greek philosopher Anaximander

Over two millennia ago， the prescient insights of Anaximander paved the way for cosmology， physics， geography， meteorology， and biology， setting in motion a new way of seeing the world。 His legacy includes the revolutionary ideas that the Earth floats in a void， that animals evolved， that the world can be understood in natural rather than supernatural terms， and that universal laws govern all phenomena。 He introduced a new mode of rational thinking with an openness to uncertainty and the progress of knowledge。

In this elegant work， the renowned theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli brings to light the importance of Anaximander's overlooked influence on modern science。 He examines Anaximander not from the point of view of a historian or as an expert in Greek philosophy， but as a scientist interested in the deep nature of scientific thinking， which Rovelli locates in the critical and rebellious ability to reimagine the world again and again。 Anaximander celebrates the radical lack of certainty that defines the scientific quest for knowledge。

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Reviews

Brian Clegg ，

In my experience， working scientists often get history of science wrong - in this case， as it's arguably more history of philosophy， I can't say whether or not Carlo Rovelli is straying far from what's known to make his point， but what he has to say about the Greek philosopher Anaximander from the 6th century BC is fascinating。All I really knew about Anaximander was that he had proposed an early cosmology， with a cylindrically shaped Earth and the light of the Sun and stars produced by fire cont In my experience， working scientists often get history of science wrong - in this case， as it's arguably more history of philosophy， I can't say whether or not Carlo Rovelli is straying far from what's known to make his point， but what he has to say about the Greek philosopher Anaximander from the 6th century BC is fascinating。All I really knew about Anaximander was that he had proposed an early cosmology， with a cylindrically shaped Earth and the light of the Sun and stars produced by fire contained in rings that had holes in to let the light out。 This was interesting， but not necessarily hugely inspiring。 By contrast， what Rovelli proposes is that Anaximander came up with a number of steps forward that were effectively foundational for the scientific method。At first this seemed like hyperbole from someone championing a particular favourite， but by the end of the book I was convinced。 What Rovelli attributes to Anaximander are the idea of a non-flat Earth floating in space - surrounded by the heavens， rather than a flat Earth with the heavens above; building on Thales' example as the first known explanation for physical processes without divine intervention; introducing the concept of natural law; and challenging his master's ideas rather than simply building on them。The next step Rovelli takes is to try to understand why 6th century BC Greece was pretty well the only such starting point。 He emphasises， for instance， that despite their impressive mathematics， astronomical observation and technological developments， Chinese philosophers and scientists never came up with the insight of a non-flat Earth floating in space， only switching to this viewpoint when they received information from missionaries in the seventeenth century。 He suggests that it was the combination of having the first fully phonetic simple alphabet， the lack of dominant royalty and the independence of the city states that enabled this revolution in thinking in Miletus where Anaximander was based。The rest of the book （about half of it） concentrates on what science is， the dangers of cultural relativism and understanding the world without gods。 I found this a lot less interesting， partly because I'd seen most of it before， and partly because it is more a matter of paddling in the murky waters of philosophy of science rather than the more interesting （to me） origins of the history of science。 For the first half alone， though， this is a book well worth having。 Rovelli has improved hugely since his early super-waffly titles - if you have an interest in where science came from， this is arguably his best so far。 。。。more

Roy Kenagy ，

Anaximander and the Nature of Science by Carlo Rovelli review – the ancient master of the universe https://bit。ly/3YvurjQ @guardian Anaximander and the Nature of Science by Carlo Rovelli review – the ancient master of the universe https://bit。ly/3YvurjQ @guardian 。。。more

Sonia ，

Carlo Rovelli ci propone una bella disamina della storia della scienza， da quando i presocratici per primi si sono staccati dalla visione mitico-religiosa dei fenomeni naturali。 Il libro è incentrato principalmente su Anassimandro vissuto nel VI sec。 a。e。v。 che， secondo Rovelli， ha posto le basi di tutto il pensiero scientifico successivo， che è fondato unicamente sull’osservazione dei fenomeni naturali e sul pensiero razionale， anche ridisegnando le conoscenze precedenti， quando queste pongono Carlo Rovelli ci propone una bella disamina della storia della scienza， da quando i presocratici per primi si sono staccati dalla visione mitico-religiosa dei fenomeni naturali。 Il libro è incentrato principalmente su Anassimandro vissuto nel VI sec。 a。e。v。 che， secondo Rovelli， ha posto le basi di tutto il pensiero scientifico successivo， che è fondato unicamente sull’osservazione dei fenomeni naturali e sul pensiero razionale， anche ridisegnando le conoscenze precedenti， quando queste pongono problemi。 Dobbiamo ad Anassimandro l’intuizione che la terra “galleggia” nello spazio， che la vita si sia formata inizialmente nel mare per poi evolversi e ancora la scoperta del ciclo dell’acqua: non è più Zeus che manda la pioggia e i fulmini， non è più Poseidone che causa le mareggiate。 Prendendo spunto dalla figura di Anassimandro， Rovelli ci fa riflettere sulla complessità del progresso del pensiero scientifico e sulla natura della scienza。 Interessante la sua disamina del ruolo delle religioni， soprattutto quelle monoteiste， nel contrastare con mezzi anche coercitivi il progresso scientifico ogniqualvolta questo contrasti con le ‘sacre’ scritture。 A tratti， soprattutto quando s’inserisce nel dibattito filosofico contemporaneo sulla natura della scienza， il testo diventa un po’ complesso， ma in ogni caso lo consiglio a chi è interessato all’argomento。 。。。more

Domenico Giora ，

In generale interessante。 A mio avviso， Rovelli è stato un po' troppo prolisso， nel senso che il libro poteva essere sicuramente più breve; mi ha dato l'idea di aver allungato troppo il discorso che poteva essere efficacemente espresso con metà delle pagine。 In generale interessante。 A mio avviso， Rovelli è stato un po' troppo prolisso， nel senso che il libro poteva essere sicuramente più breve; mi ha dato l'idea di aver allungato troppo il discorso che poteva essere efficacemente espresso con metà delle pagine。 。。。more

Gokhan ，

İyonya filozoflarından， Thales’le birlikte ve belki de ondan daha kapsamlı bir epistemoloji ortaya koyan Anaksimandros’a övgü niteliğinde bir eser。 Yazar， söz konusu filozofun， alabildiğine mistik-dini bir toplum ve çağda， coğrafya， kozmoloji， astronomi， biyoloji ve genel anlamda doğa araştırmalarına ilişkin düşünsel sıçrama yaratan nitelikte yaklaşımlarının ve bu yaklaşımın modern bilimin de düşünce tarzı ile olan yakın， dolaysız etkileşiminden bahsediyor。 Bu anlamda kitap， Thales’in tilmizine İyonya filozoflarından， Thales’le birlikte ve belki de ondan daha kapsamlı bir epistemoloji ortaya koyan Anaksimandros’a övgü niteliğinde bir eser。 Yazar， söz konusu filozofun， alabildiğine mistik-dini bir toplum ve çağda， coğrafya， kozmoloji， astronomi， biyoloji ve genel anlamda doğa araştırmalarına ilişkin düşünsel sıçrama yaratan nitelikte yaklaşımlarının ve bu yaklaşımın modern bilimin de düşünce tarzı ile olan yakın， dolaysız etkileşiminden bahsediyor。 Bu anlamda kitap， Thales’in tilmizine bir saygı duruşu niteliğinde。 Anaksimandros’un çağının mitos’larından arınmış ve ancak çok sonra anlaşılabilecek saptamalarını ve daha da önemlisi insanlığın gelişiminde rol oynayan düşünce tarihinde nasıl bir devrim yarattığı üzerinde durulmuş。 Rovelli， Richard Dawkins kadar keskin bir dille tanrı karşıtlığına soyunmasa da， bilimin， bilimsel düşüncenin gelişiminin ve onun kendine içkin yanlışlanabilirlik doğasının， insanlığın yolculuğunda， kitabında gösterdiği şekilde irrasyonel olduğu birçok kez ispatlanan öğretilerden daha değerli， maceracı ve doğru bir yol olduğunu modern bilim insanı bakış açısıyla daha naif bir dille anlatıyor。 Kitapta çok öne çıkmasa da， dini saiklerin etkisi altında kalmadan da bilimin gayet tabii bir yoldan ilerleyebileceği gibi bir orta yolu bulma çabası yada gayesi de mevcut。 Bu ılımlı ve pozitif yaklaşımları ile， ama bilimsel düşünceye olan， olabilecek en rasyonel tapınmadan da taviz vermeden ele aldığı konularla okunmaya değer bir yazar。 。。。more

Emanuele Parrinello ，

A series of opinionated essays about the philosophy of science， anti-scientism， religion， cultural relativism， demography， and exceptionalism of the Greek culture。 The ideas do not leave anyone indifferent。

Grzegorz Chrupała ，

The initial chapters which describe Anaximander’s ideas are informative and a good read。 The following chapters delineate Rovelli's thoughts on the nature of science， and loosely connect it to Anaximander and his times。 These were for the most part relatively obvious and excessively repetitive。 The initial chapters which describe Anaximander’s ideas are informative and a good read。 The following chapters delineate Rovelli's thoughts on the nature of science， and loosely connect it to Anaximander and his times。 These were for the most part relatively obvious and excessively repetitive。 。。。more

Truls Ljungström ，

Detta är lika mycket en debattbok som en biografi， men det är en bra debatt， och ett väldigt intressant perspektiv。 Boken fokuserar på Anaximanders kosmologi och tolkar denna som protovetenskap， i motsats mytologisering。

Rebecca Angel ，

For anyone remotely interested in the philosophy of science and history， this is a great book。 Rovelli is so passionate about his subject， the book is a joy to read。 As a non-scientist， I followed along well， as Rovelli uses lots of techniques to explain tricky concepts， especially physics。 I read passages out loud to a scientist member of the family and it sparked great conversation。

Alex ，

I'm really baffled by the horde of positive reviews of this book。 The first few chapters are rather entertaining， introducing Anaximander and his historical context。 From there onwards， it just goes into "I'm writing my blog" territory， introducing a series of opinionated diatribes on different positions and questions around the evolution of scientific thought。 Even if you stay with the Anaximander part， there are serious flaws with what Rovelli writes。 Not only does he ignore major research on I'm really baffled by the horde of positive reviews of this book。 The first few chapters are rather entertaining， introducing Anaximander and his historical context。 From there onwards， it just goes into "I'm writing my blog" territory， introducing a series of opinionated diatribes on different positions and questions around the evolution of scientific thought。 Even if you stay with the Anaximander part， there are serious flaws with what Rovelli writes。 Not only does he ignore major research on the topic， but he goes on to fill in the gaps with his own imagination。 I appreciate being creative and thought-provoking， however， building a whole story around it is stretching it a tad too far。 Actually， the constant thought I had while reading it was that if Rovelli proceeded like this within his own field， his editors would reject the manuscript for lack of proof。 It's ironic how scientists demand proof to sustain certain theories， but arbitrarily decided it doesn't apply to other fields。 Also， I must confess that his dismissiveness and clear ignorance of Eastern Asian civilizations itches me too much。 Don't get me wrong， I appreciate and even agree with many of his arguments， but the extreme reductionism with which he approaches many of the topics of the book is problematic for me。 And it's again ironic as one of his major points is that you must keep an open mind and be capable of adapting to different contexts。 。。。more

Amanuel Sahilu ，

3。5/5。 Very thought provoking， but can rely on amazing sources more than original thinking。 Although I’m more than happy to add books to the reading list！ Some historical inaccuracies as well （e。g。 claims Hypatia probably invented the astrolabe）， but author recognizes his professional weaknesses in that dept。 I really enjoyed the spirit of the book overall: it turned my conception of the pre-Socratic approach to science on its head， and I like the thread of continuity tied to current debates bet 3。5/5。 Very thought provoking， but can rely on amazing sources more than original thinking。 Although I’m more than happy to add books to the reading list！ Some historical inaccuracies as well （e。g。 claims Hypatia probably invented the astrolabe）， but author recognizes his professional weaknesses in that dept。 I really enjoyed the spirit of the book overall: it turned my conception of the pre-Socratic approach to science on its head， and I like the thread of continuity tied to current debates between science and religion。 Rovelli is a treasure 。。。more

Giljon ，

"Anaximander's fundamental lesson: if you want to truly advance the path of knowledge， you must not just revere your master， study， and build on his teachings。 You must seek out his mistakes。" "Anaximander's fundamental lesson: if you want to truly advance the path of knowledge， you must not just revere your master， study， and build on his teachings。 You must seek out his mistakes。" 。。。more

Gareth ，

Got half way into 3rd chapter and couldnt be bothered to read any more

Rahila ，

3。5

Sayani ，

Rovelli's The First Scientist describes Anaximander's life and works from whatever later sources found and was a revelation into Greek history for me。 Must read for anybody who has a keen interest in the history of science。 He was the first person to state that the earth was suspended in free space rather than being flat。 A great cosmological and conceptual leap in human thinking。 Rovelli's The First Scientist describes Anaximander's life and works from whatever later sources found and was a revelation into Greek history for me。 Must read for anybody who has a keen interest in the history of science。 He was the first person to state that the earth was suspended in free space rather than being flat。 A great cosmological and conceptual leap in human thinking。 。。。more

Naman Pujari ，

Easy to read masterpiece by Carlo Rovelli。 This book looks at starting of the scientific revolution by ancient Greeks like Anaximander， Thales， and how their views shapes our modern world。 A must read for all the students of science。

Marlo Goff ，

Carlo Rovelli examines scientific thinking; it’s limits， strengths， contributions， & complex relationship with religion， starting with Anaximander， the “first scientist” to suggest that world order is due to natural sources， not supernatural ones。

Aykut Karabay ，

Sekülerizmin， sorgulamanın， bilimsel ve rasyonel düşüncenin， gözlemin doğuşu。。。 Anaksimandros' un doğanın sorgulanmasının doğuşuna ilk bilimsel geleneğin temellerini atmasının hikayesini anlatıyor kitap。 Maddi dünyanın ilk kez düşünce tarafından erişilebilir olmasını sağlayan dünya tarihinin en önemli şahsiyetlerinden birinin hikayesi。。。Anaksimandros;İlk coğrafyacı。 Canlı varlıkların zamanla dönüşüm geçirmiş olma ihtimalini （evrimi） öne süren ilk biyolog。 Gezegenlerin hareketlerini inceleyen ve Sekülerizmin， sorgulamanın， bilimsel ve rasyonel düşüncenin， gözlemin doğuşu。。。 Anaksimandros' un doğanın sorgulanmasının doğuşuna ilk bilimsel geleneğin temellerini atmasının hikayesini anlatıyor kitap。 Maddi dünyanın ilk kez düşünce tarafından erişilebilir olmasını sağlayan dünya tarihinin en önemli şahsiyetlerinden birinin hikayesi。。。Anaksimandros;İlk coğrafyacı。 Canlı varlıkların zamanla dönüşüm geçirmiş olma ihtimalini （evrimi） öne süren ilk biyolog。 Gezegenlerin hareketlerini inceleyen ve geometrik bir modelle açıklayan ilk astronom。 Bilimsel yöntemi， düşünceyi keşfeden ve eleştiri geleneğinin kaynağı olan ilk kişi。 Anaksimandros aynı zamanda; İlk kez dünya haritasını temelden değiştirerek çizmiş。 Cisimlerin her yerdeki düşüşünden yola çıkarak， uzayın yukarı - aşağı olmadığını keşfetmiş， Arz'ın uzayda yüzdüğü yeni bir dünya tasarlamış。 En önemlisi ; Dünyayı kavramak için， ona ilişkin tasavvurumuzun hatalı olabileceğini ve onu zihnimizde yeniden şekillendirebileceğimizi kabul etmemiz gerektiğini keşfederek bilimsel bir devrimi yüzyıllar önce gerçekleştirmiş。 Böylece bilimsel düşüncenin doğuşunu sağlamış büyük Anaksimandros。İnsanoğlunun düşüncesini binlerce yıl boyu yapılandırmış olan mistik - dini düşünceden özgürleştirmek gerektiğini farketmiş。 Dünyanın tanrılara dayandırılmadan anlaşılabilir olacağı bir yaklaşım imkanını göz önünde bulunduran ilk insan。 Bütün bu serüvenin ürkütücü ama cezbedici olan yanı， cehaletimizi idrak edip kabullenmemiz。Geleneksel bilginin eleştirel gözden geçirilişi， her inanca karşı başkaldırma imkanına doğru bir ilk adım olarak， dünyaya yepyeni bir bilimsel bakış kazandıran anaksimandros'un yöntemi。 Bu kısa ama çok etkileyici kitabı okumanızı tavsiye ederim 。。。more

Afnan Amdeen ，

This book should be required reading for everyone！ Rovelli is really good at walking you through really diverse ideas and culminating them into one sentence that makes you go “oh my god， of COURSE。” I had so much fun with this book， my favorite parts being every time Rovelli poses a question like “Why Greece？” as in “why this white guy？” and explains it in a way that recognizes the amazing contributions of Greek civilizations without placing “western ideas” on a very undeserved pedestal。 Each ch This book should be required reading for everyone！ Rovelli is really good at walking you through really diverse ideas and culminating them into one sentence that makes you go “oh my god， of COURSE。” I had so much fun with this book， my favorite parts being every time Rovelli poses a question like “Why Greece？” as in “why this white guy？” and explains it in a way that recognizes the amazing contributions of Greek civilizations without placing “western ideas” on a very undeserved pedestal。 Each chapter is so interdisciplinary and just SO INTERESTING， it’s definitely made me revere scientific thinking in a whole new way。 。。。more

Dani Ollé ，

Great text about the origins and essence of scientific thought， with a focus on Anaximander

Mat ，

CdSRec

Anastassia ，

Excellent read！ One of those books where you don’t want to just highlight a sentence， but whole paragraphs of text。。。 then feel the need to re-read the whole book again。

Antonis ，

What an amazing little book！ Carlo Rovelli， a theoretical physicist， writes about Anaximander， a Greek philosopher who lived in the 6th century BCE in Miletus， a city on the Aegean coast of today’s Turkey。 Rovelli presents Anaximander as the first person to use the scientific method of thinking and to propose a completely naturalistic explanation of the world。 Up until then， people explained physical phenomena as the intervention of various deities。 On the contrary， Anaximander’s explanations ar What an amazing little book！ Carlo Rovelli， a theoretical physicist， writes about Anaximander， a Greek philosopher who lived in the 6th century BCE in Miletus， a city on the Aegean coast of today’s Turkey。 Rovelli presents Anaximander as the first person to use the scientific method of thinking and to propose a completely naturalistic explanation of the world。 Up until then， people explained physical phenomena as the intervention of various deities。 On the contrary， Anaximander’s explanations are strictly naturalistic。 Some of them strike us today as naïve or completely wrong but there is not denying the fact that he never invokes metaphysical intervention。How did he arrive at this idea？ Rovelli proposes the combination of three factors: First， the Greeks of that period had abandoned their old system of governance which relied on a （semi）divine monarch invested with absolute power whose decisions were never questioned; they chose instead a messy system， where power was shared by all and where decisions were freely debated and acted upon。 Rovelli even draws a parallel between that period of Greek history and the Italian Renaissance （One is reminded of Harry Lime’s famous line from The Third Man “In Italy for thirty years under the Borgias， they had warfare， terror， murder， bloodshed。 They produced Michelangelo， da Vinci， and the Renaissance。 In Switzerland， they had brotherly love， five hundred years of democracy and peace， and what did they produce？ The cuckoo clock。”）。Second， the Greeks had adopted， albeit in modified form， the Phoenician alphabet; this form of writing was considerably easier to learn and use compared with the more cumbersome hieroglyphs and， therefore literacy （and， hence， education）， once the province of a caste of priests and professional scribes， spread more widely among the people。And thirdly， Greece in general and Miletus in particular is situated at the crossroads of all the major commercial routes linking the Middle East with the Mediterranean and Egypt with the Black Sea; this lead to the cross-fertilization of all the important ideas circulating in the， then， known world。 The combination of these factors produced a favourable environment for the free expression and discussion of new ideas and the questioning of the established ones。But that is only one half of the book。 In the other half， Rovelli expands on the merits of scientific thinking and its impact on our societies。 He explains how stagnation inevitably results when we rely blindly on so-called absolute revealed “truths”。 On the other hand， progress depends on our willingness to question established ideas， even （especially ？） when these ideas have been propounded by well-known and revered thinkers。This short review does not do justice to the richness of the arguments and the wealth of information contained in this delightful book。 A “must read”。 。。。more

Michael Chandler ，

A book that was a great pleasure to read。 I'd read two other books by this author and had enjoyed them immensely， which was partially the reason I purchased this book。 The author has the ability to take ideas that other less talented writers bury under a layer of turgid prose and make them elegant， concise and clear。 The ideas themselves shine through。Here Rovelli starts with an exposition of a pre-Socratic philosopher， the Anaximander of the title， who is usually listed with four or five others A book that was a great pleasure to read。 I'd read two other books by this author and had enjoyed them immensely， which was partially the reason I purchased this book。 The author has the ability to take ideas that other less talented writers bury under a layer of turgid prose and make them elegant， concise and clear。 The ideas themselves shine through。Here Rovelli starts with an exposition of a pre-Socratic philosopher， the Anaximander of the title， who is usually listed with four or five others pre=Socratics of roughly the same time and place and who are all presented as fairly similar。 Rovelli shows how revolutionary Anaximander's theories were and this in itself is makes the book wonderful to read。 Imagine， reading about an ancient philosopher and enjoying the experience as opposed to your eyes glazing over after the second page。 That is the first part of the book。 From there he uses the ideas developed as a jumping off point to other very interesting ideas of the modern world。 You do not need to have studied philosophy to enjoy this book。 。。。more

Raoul ，

Molto discorsivo， i capitoli finali meritano un plauso per l'autore e per la profondità delle sue idee。 Molto discorsivo， i capitoli finali meritano un plauso per l'autore e per la profondità delle sue idee。 。。。more

Federica ，

La storia appassionante dei filosofi greci magistralmemte raccontata mette in evidenza la figura determinante di Anassimandro al quale non è stato dato il giusto riconoscimento riguardo la scoperta scientifica che riguarda il fatto che la terra non è piatta。

Dr。 CoconutRice ，

What an amazing book！ A really eye-opener about the key role Anaximander played in the scientific revolution and in the establishment of a long-lasting tradition of analyzing the world with critical thinking。

Roy Kenagy ，

AAA KINDLE

Manjit Tendolkar ，

This book takes us through a journey in evolution of science。 It's presented in a well researched manner。 Hero is Anaximander。 Attributed to him is the beginning of a generation。 It makes you wonder， the established facts today may be rudimentary tomorrow。 But nonetheless， their existence was as essential as that of an air for becoming a breath。 In a perspective I realised how ignorant I am that I can't point a north star in sky when the people from centuries back relied on them for survival。 Th This book takes us through a journey in evolution of science。 It's presented in a well researched manner。 Hero is Anaximander。 Attributed to him is the beginning of a generation。 It makes you wonder， the established facts today may be rudimentary tomorrow。 But nonetheless， their existence was as essential as that of an air for becoming a breath。 In a perspective I realised how ignorant I am that I can't point a north star in sky when the people from centuries back relied on them for survival。 This book is about unlearning the ideas that are fixed in minds from the school book syllabus and seeing them in a light of dynamic evolution of ideas over past eras。Highly recommended。 。。。more

Correen ，

Rovelli consistently amazes me with his beautiful prose， thorough investigation of his topic and meaningful conclusions。 Anaximander lived in about 600 BCE， in Greece but in today's Turkey。 He is sometimes called the first scientist but， perhaps more accurately the one who first identified the earth as floating in space with air above and below。 There is little known about Anaximander but Rovelli manages to use this sparce information to hang a history of scientific thinking。 Finally， Rovelli ex Rovelli consistently amazes me with his beautiful prose， thorough investigation of his topic and meaningful conclusions。 Anaximander lived in about 600 BCE， in Greece but in today's Turkey。 He is sometimes called the first scientist but， perhaps more accurately the one who first identified the earth as floating in space with air above and below。 There is little known about Anaximander but Rovelli manages to use this sparce information to hang a history of scientific thinking。 Finally， Rovelli extracts Anaximander's rejection of religion to open a discussion of religion throughout history， in today's world， and not consistent with scientific requirement of accepting "the radical uncertainty of our knowledge。" -- all in 182 pages。 。。。more

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